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fitting length

Толкование Перевод

1 fitting length

Автомобильный термин: установочная длина

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > fitting length
2 fitting length

<tech.gen> (e.g. of damper elements, coil springs) ■ Einbaulänge f

English-german technical dictionary > fitting length
3 fitting length

установочная длина

English-russian automobile dictionary > fitting length
4 length

длина; протяжённость; расстояние

- average trip length
- back-knee length
- body length
- braking length
- cargobed length
- clearance length
- effective length
- effective spring length
- fitting length
- free length
- haul length
- inside body length
- overall length
- spark length
- stroke length
- trip length
- unsupported length
- weld length
* * *

• длина

• ширина

English-russian automobile dictionary > length
5 cassock (A close-fitting ankle-length garment worn in Roman Catholic and Anglican churches by the clergy and by laymen assisting in services)

Религия: ряса

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cassock (A close-fitting ankle-length garment worn in Roman Catholic and Anglican churches by the clergy and by laymen assisting in services)
6 pipe

1. труба, трубка; трубопровод || оборудовать системой трубопроводов; пускать по трубам; транспортировать по трубопроводу

2. геол. сужение рудного тела

external upset drill pipe — бурильные трубы с высаженными наружу концами

internal flush drill pipe — бурильная труба равнопроходного сечения

internal upset drill pipe — бурильная труба с высаженными внутрь концами

— air pipe

— bent pipe

— blank pipe

— blow pipe

— blow-down pipe

— blow-off pipe

— box-to-box pipe

— brake pipe

— branch pipe

— bypass pipe

— capillary pipe

— casing pipe

— coil pipe

— compensating pipe

— connecting pipe

— delivery pipe

— dip pipe

— discharge pipe

— drill pipe

— drive pipe

— eduction pipe

— elbow pipe

— exhaust pipe

— extension pipe

— extra-heavy pipe

— extruded pipes

— feed pipe

— fitting pipe

— flange pipe

— flexible pipe

— flow pipe

— flush joint pipe

— frozen pipe

— gas pipe

— grout pipe

— hose pipe

— induction pipe

— injector blow pipe

— inlet pipe

— interior upset pipe

— junction pipe

— lap-welded pipe

— large-diameter pipe

— light-weight pipe

— loop expansion pipe

— main pipe

— marine riser pipe

— nozzle pipe

— outlet pipe

— overflow pipe

— oversise pipe

— perforated pipe

— pin-to-box pipe

— plain end pipes

— pressure relief pipe

— pressure water pipe

— receiver pipe

— reducing pipe

— relief pipe

— return pipe

— rifled pipe

— riser pipe

— rising pipe

— river pipe

— rubbered pipe

— run pipe

— run-down pipe

— screen pipe

— screened pipe

— seamless pipe

— shop-perforated pipe

— slotted pipe

— soil pipe

— tail pipe

— tapered pipe

— tee pipe

— thin-wall pipe

— threaded line pipe

— three-way pipe

— T-pipe

— undersise pipe

— unthreaded pipe

— U-pipe

— upset drill pipe

— wash pipe

— washover pipe

— waste pipe

— welded pipe

— weldless pipe

— worm pipe

* * *

1. труба; трубка

2. трубопровод || подавать по трубопроводу, перекачивать по трубопроводу; транспортировать по трубопроводу

3. оборудовать системой трубопроводов; пускать по трубам

4. скважинная колонна труб

air-lift flanged drill pipe — водоподъёмная труба с фланцевым соединением для бурения с обратновсасывающей промывкой (ствола скважины)

box end of drill pipe — бурильная труба с муфтой на конце

coated steel penstock pipe — заглублённый стальной напорный трубопровод

double-wall screwed drill pipe — двойная концентрическая бурильная труба с резьбовым соединением

drill pipe of double length — свеча из двух бурильных труб, двухтрубка

drill pipe with screwed-on tool joints — бурильная труба с навинченными замками

drill pipe with weld-on tool joint — бурильная труба с замками приваренными оплавлением

electrodrill without drill pipe — беструбный электробур

external upset drill pipe — бурильная труба с высаженными наружу концами

integral joint drill pipe — беззамковая бурильная труба

internal flush drill pipe — бурильная труба равнопроходного сечения

internal upset drill pipe — бурильная труба с высаженными внутрь концами

internal-external upset drill pipe — бурильная труба с высаженными внутрь и наружу концами

threaded dual wall pipe — резьбовая двустенная буровая труба

to break down drill pipes — развинчивать свечи бурильных труб на однотрубки;

to bring pipes into perfect alignment — точно сцентрировать трубы (перед сваркой);

to line pipes up end-to-end — укладывать трубы в нитку;

to stab drill pipe — производить наращивание бурильной колонны;

to stack drill pipes in the derrick — расставлять бурильные трубы в вышке;

to take a strain on pipe — натягивать колонну труб;

to tong the pipes — свинчивать трубы ключами;

to work pipes up and down — расхаживать колонну труб;

to wrinkle a pipe — нарезать соединительную резьбу на трубе

— adapting pipe

— air lift pipe

— aluminum drill pipe

— angle pipe

— bent pipe

— bifurcated pipe

— blank pipe

— bleeder pipe

— bottom pipe

— box-to-box pipe

— branch pipe

— buried pipe

— bypass pipe

— cargo pipe

— casing pipe

— circular pipe

— compensating pipe

— conductor pipe

— connecting pipe

— delivery pipe

— discharge pipe

— distributing pipe

— double extra-strong pipe

— drill pipe

— drive pipe

— eduction pipe

— elbow pipe

— exhaust pipe

— extension pipe

— extra-heavy pipe

— extremline casing pipe

— extruded pipes

— feed pipe

— filling pipe

— fitting pipe

— flange pipe

— flexible pipe

— flow pipe

— flush joint pipe

— free-flow pipe

— frozen pipe

— gas pipe

— gas service pipes

— gas supply pipe

— header pipe

— heavy-weight drill pipe

— hose pipe

— induction pipe

— inlet pipe

— interior upset pipe

— junction pipe

— lap-welded pipe

— large-diameter pipe

— lead pipe

— light-weight pipe

— line pipe

— little pipe

— loop expansion pipe

— looping pipe

— lubrication pipe

— main pipe

— manifold pipe

— marine riser pipe

— module pipe

— new drill pipe

— nozzle pipe

— oil discharge pipe

— oriented drill pipe

— outlet pipe

— overflow pipe

— oversize pipe

— perforated pipe

— pin-to-box pipe

— plain end pipe

— pressure relief pipe

— pressure water pipe

— receiver pipe

— reducing pipe

— relief pipe

— return pipe

— rifled pipe

— riser pipe

— rising pipe

— river pipe

— rotatable drill pipe

— rubbered pipe

— run pipe

— rundown pipe

— screen pipe

— screened pipe

— screwed drill pipe

— seamless drill pipe

— seamless pipe

— service pipe

— shop-perforated pipe

— slotted pipe

— soil pipe

— spiraled-wall casing pipe

— stand pipe

— suction pipe

— supply pipe

— tail pipe

— tapered pipe

— tee pipe

— thin-wall pipe

— threaded line pipe

— three-way pipe

— thrust-bore pipe

— to roll pipes

— to string pipes

— to strip pipes

— T-pipe

— ultrahigh-test line pipe

— undersize pipe

— unthreaded pipe

— U-pipe

— upset drill pipe

— used drill pipe

— wall-stuck pipe

— wash pipe

— washover pipe

— welded pipe

— weldless pipe

— Y-pipe

* * *

труба; трубопровод

* * *

1) труба; трубка

2) трубопровод || подавать по трубопроводу, перекачивать по трубопроводу; транспортировать по трубопроводу

3) оборудовать системой трубопроводов; пускать по трубам

4) скважинная колонна труб

•

to add a length of drill pipe — наращивать бурильную колонну;

pipe becoming stuck — прихват бурильных труб в скважине;

to break drilling pipes down — раскреплять бурильные трубы;

to break out drilling pipes — раскреплять бурильные трубы;

to bring pipes into perfect alignment — точно сцентрировать трубы ( перед сваркой);

to discard pipes — отбраковывать трубы;

to lay down pipes — отбраковывать трубы;

to line pipes up — центрировать трубы для сварки;

to line pipes up end-to-end — укладывать трубы в нитку;

to pick up the pipe — 1) затаскивать трубы ( на вышку) 2) давать небольшую натяжку ( инструмента) 3) подхватывать (/i]);

to rack a pipe — устанавливать (/i]) бурильную трубу ();

to release stuck pipe — освобождать прихваченную трубу;

to roll pipes — свинчивать трубы ();

to roll out pipes — выкатывать трубы;

to run pipes into well — опускать трубы в скважину;

to set a pipe — цементировать колонну ( при завершении скважины);

to stab drill pipe — производить наращивание бурильной колонны;

to stack drilling pipes in derrick — расставлять бурильные трубы в буровой вышке;

to string pipes — укладывать трубы в нитку;

to strip pipes — извлекать трубы ( из скважины) сквозь закрытый универсальный противовыбросовый превентор;

to tail a pipe — заносить конец трубы в нужное положение;

to take a strain on pipe — натягивать колонну труб;

to take hold of drill pipes — захватывать бурильные трубы ();

to tong the pipes — свинчивать трубы ключами;

to work pipes up and down — расхаживать колонну труб;

to wrinkle a pipe — нарезать соединительную резьбу на трубе;

pipe with string — бракованная труба;

without drill pipe — без бурильной колонны

- adapting pipe
- admitting pipe
- air pipe
- air inlet pipe
- airlift pipe
- airlift flanged drill pipe
- aluminum drilling pipe
- anchor pipe
- angle pipe
- anterior upset pipe
- asbestos-cement pipe
- ascending pipe
- atmospheric pipe
- bare pipe
- bent pipe
- bifurcated pipe
- big-diameter pipe
- bitumen-coated pipe
- blank pipe
- blank-flanged pipe
- bleeder pipe
- blind pipe
- blow-down pipe
- blow-off pipe
- bottom pipe
- box-end of drill pipe
- box-to-box pipe
- branch pipe
- branched pipe
- buffer connection pipe
- bulged-in pipe
- buried pipe
- button-screen pipe
- bypass pipe
- cargo pipe
- case pipe
- casing pipe
- circular pipe
- coated steel penstock pipe
- cold-drain pipe
- collapsed pipe
- collar bound pipe
- compensating pipe
- conduct pipe
- conductor pipe
- connecting pipe
- connection pipe
- control pipe
- conventional pipes
- cuttings pick-up pipe
- delivery pipe
- diamond pipe
- diamond-drill pipe
- dip pipe
- discharge pipe
- distributing pipe
- double extraheavy pipe
- double extrastrong pipe
- double reverse circulation pipe
- double-wall screwed drill pipe
- drain pipe
- drill pipe
- drill pipe before welding
- drill pipe of double length
- drill pipe unloaded
- drill pipe with screwed-on tool joints
- drill pipe with weld-on tool joints
- drive pipe
- eduction pipe
- elbow pipe
- electric-welded pipe
- electrodrill without drill pipe
- exhaust pipe
- extension pipe
- external upset drill pipe
- extraheavy pipe
- extrastrong pipe
- extruded pipe
- feed pipe
- ferromagnetic pipe
- filling pipe
- fitting pipe
- flanged pipe
- flexible pipe
- flexible armoured pipe
- flow pipe
- flush-joint pipe
- flush-joint drive pipe
- force pipe
- free-flow pipe
- freezing pipe
- frozen pipe
- fuel pipe
- gas pipe
- gas-service pipe
- gas-supply pipe
- grooved conductor pipe
- grout pipe
- header pipe
- heavy-end pipe
- heavy-wall pipe
- heavy-weight drill pipe
- helical-welded pipe
- high-pressure pipe
- high-pressure air-outlet pipe
- high-strength pipe
- high-strength laminar pipe
- hose pipe
- hot-rolled pipe
- induction pipe
- inlet pipe
- intake pipe
- integral joint drilling pipe
- interior-upset pipe
- internal-external upset drill pipe
- internal-flush drill pipe
- internal-upset drill pipe
- jet pipe
- junction pipe
- laminar pipe
- lance pipe
- lap-welded pipe
- large-diameter pipe
- lay down the pipe
- lead pipe
- light weight drill pipe
- line pipe
- liquid stand pipe
- little pipe
- long stand pipe
- longitudinally welded pipe
- loop expansion pipe
- looping pipe
- lost pipe
- low-head pipe
- lubrication pipe
- macaroni pipe
- main pipe
- male pipe
- manifold pipe
- marine riser pipe
- metal pipe
- module pipe
- multilayer pipe
- new drill pipe
- nonupset pipe
- nozzle pipe
- oil discharge pipe
- oriented drill pipe
- outlet pipe
- outside-coupled pipe
- outside-upset pipe
- overflow pipe
- oversize pipe
- perforated pipe
- pin-to-box pipe
- plain end pipe
- pressure relief pipe
- pressure water pipe
- protective pipe
- pulling big? pipe
- rathole pipe
- receiver pipe
- recovered pipe
- reducing pipe
- relief pipe
- return pipe
- rifled pipe
- riser pipe
- rising pipe
- river pipe
- rolled pipe
- rotary-drill pipe
- rotatable drill pipe
- rubbered pipe
- run pipe
- rundown pipe
- screen pipe
- screened pipe
- screwed drill pipe
- seamless drill pipe
- service pipe
- shop-perforated pipe
- single pipe
- slim hole drill pipe
- slip-joint pipe
- slotted pipe
- socket pipe
- soil pipe
- somastic-coated pipe
- sounding pipe
- spiral-welded pipe
- spiraled-wall casing pipe
- split pipe
- stand pipe
- standard pipe
- steel pipe
- stove pipe
- stuck casing pipe
- stuck drilling pipe
- suction pipe
- supply pipe
- surface pipe
- swing pipe
- swivel pipe
- T-pipe
- tail pipe
- tank filling pipe
- tapered pipe
- tee pipe
- thawing pipe
- thick-walled pipe
- thin-walled pipe
- threaded pipe
- threaded dual wall pipe
- threaded line pipe
- three-way pipe
- thrust-bore pipe
- U-pipe
- ultrahigh-test line pipe
- undersize pipe
- unsupported pipe
- unthreaded pipe
- upset drill pipe
- used drill pipe
- wall-stuck pipe
- wash pipe
- washover pipe
- water pipe
- welded pipe
- weldless pipe
- worm pipe
- Y-pipe
* * *

• давать небольшую натяжку

• оборудовать системой трубопроводов

• сеть трубных соединений

• усадочная мет. раковина слитка

• усадочная раковина слитка

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > pipe
7 full

ful
1. adjective
1) (holding or containing as much as possible: My basket is full.) lleno

2) (complete: a full year; a full account of what happened.) completo, entero

3) ((of clothes) containing a large amount of material: a full skirt.) holgado, amplio; de mucho vuelo; de etiqueta, de gala

2. adverb
1) (completely: Fill the petrol tank full.) completamente, hasta el máximo; de largo metraje, de cuerpo entero, completo, extenso

2) (exactly; directly: She hit him full in the face.) justo, de lleno

•

- fully
- full-length
- full moon
- full-scale
- full stop
- full-time
- fully-fledged
- full of
- in full
- to the full

full adj

1. lleno

one bottle is full, but the other is empty una botella está llena, pero la otra está vacía

I can't eat any more, I'm full no puedo comer más, estoy lleno

2. completo

what's your full name? ¿cuál es tu nombre completo?

full

tr[fʊl]

adjective

1 (gen) lleno,-a

■ my suitcase is already full mi maleta ya está llena

■ the cupboard is full of old toys el armario está lleno de juguetes viejos

■ the trains are always full at this time los trenes siempre van llenos a esta hora

■ hey! this glass is only half full! ¡ey! ¡este vaso sólo está medio lleno!

■ the room's full of smoke la habitación está llena de humo

2 (week, day) cargado,-a, movido,-a

■ we've had a very full week hemos tenido una semana muy movida

3 (entire, complete) completo,-a

■ I need your full name necesito su nombre completo

■ full instructions are included instrucciones completas incluidas

■ the hotel is full el hotel está completo

■ I'd like a full English breakfast quisiera un desayuno inglés completo

■ she swam the full length of the pool nadó toda la piscina

■ I wanted them to get the full meaning of what I was saying quería que me entendieran perfectamente

■ we've been waiting a full hour llevamos esperando una hora entera

4 (highest or greatest possible) máximo,-a

■ the radio was on at full volume la radio estaba al máximo

5 (plump - figure) llenito,-a, relleno,-a; (- face) redondo,-a, lleno,-a; (- lips) grueso,-a

6 (clothing - loose fitting) holgado,-a, amplio,-a; (skirt) de mucho vuelo; (sleeve) ancho,-a

adverb

1 (directly) justo, de lleno

■ he hit me full in the face me pegó de lleno en la cara

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at full blast a toda potencia, al máximo

at full pelt / at full speed / at full tilt a toda velocidad, a toda pastilla

at full stretch al máximo de capacidad

full of beans / full of life rebosante de salud, lleno,-a de vigor

full of the joys of spring lleno,-a de alegría

full speed ahead / full steam ahead adelante a toda máquina

full to the brim lleno,-a hasta los topes

full up completamente lleno,-a

full well muy bien, perfectamente, de sobra

■ you know full well you shouldn't do that sabes perfectamente que no debes hacer eso

in full completo,-a, en su totalidad

in full sail a toda vela, con todas las velas desplegadas

in full swing familiar en pleno auge

in full view of... delante mismo de...

to be full of something no hablar más que de algo, no parar de hablar de algo

■ she was full of her holiday no paraba de hablar de sus vacaciones

■ the whole school is full of the news toda la escuela habla de la noticia

to be full of oneself ser engreído,-a, creérselo

to be full of one's own importance ser prepotente

to come full circle volver al punto de partida

to come to a full stop pararse por completo

to fall full length caer de bruces

to the full al máximo

full board pensión nombre femenino completa

full dress traje nombre masculino de etiqueta

full house (in theatre) lleno, llenazo 2 (in bingo) bingo 3 (in poker) full nombre masculino

full marks (in exam) sobresaliente 2 (when praising somebody) buena nota

full moon luna llena

full score partitura de orquesta

full stop (punctuation mark) punto

■ full stop, new paragraph punto y aparte

■ full stop, new sentence punto y seguido

full time final nombre masculino de partido

full ['fʊl, 'fʌl] adv

1) very: muy

full well: muy bien, perfectamente

2) entirely: completamente

she swung full around: giró completamente

3) directly: de lleno, directamente

he looked me full in the face: me miró directamente a la cara

full adj

1) filled: lleno

2) complete: completo, detallado

3) maximum: todo, pleno

at full speed: a toda velocidad

in full bloom: en plena flor

4) plump: redondo, llenito fam, regordete fam

a full face: una cara redonda

a full figure: un cuerpo llenito

5) ample: amplio

a full skirt: una falda amplia

full n

1)

to pay in full : pagar en su totalidad

2)

to the full : al máximo

full

adj.

• colmado, -a adj.

• completo, -a adj.

• cumplido, -a adj.

• harto, -a adj.

• holgado, -a adj.

• lleno, -a adj.

• pleno, -a adj.

• repleto, -a adj.

n.

• máximo s.m.

• plenario s.m.

• plenitud s.f.

v.

• abatanar v.

• batanar v.

I fʊl
adjective -er, -est

1)

a) ( filled) lleno

don't speak with your mouth full — no hables con la boca llena

I'm full (up) — estoy lleno

full OF something — lleno de algo

she's full of fun — es muy divertida

they were full of praise for your work — elogiaron mucho tu trabajo

to be full of it — (AmE colloq & euph) decir* puras tonterías or sandeces

b) ( crowded) < roomain> lleno; < hotel> lleno, completo

you've got a very full day ahead of you — tienes un día muy ocupado por delante

2)

a) ( complete) <report/description> detallado; <name/answer> completo

to pay the full price — pagar* el precio íntegro

you have my full support — tienes todo mi apoyo

in full bloom — en plena floración

to lead a very full life — llevar una vida muy activa

a full week's holiday — una semana entera de vacaciones

b) ( maximum)

at full speed — a toda velocidad

full employment — ( Econ) pleno empleo m

3)

a) ( rounded) < figure> regordete, llenito (fam)

clothes for the fuller figure — (euph) tallas or (RPl) talles grandes

b) ( Clothing) <skirt/sleeve> amplio

4) ( absorbed)

full OF something: they were full of the latest scandal no hacían más que hablar del último escándalo; to be full of oneself o of one's own importance — ser* muy creído (fam), tenérselo muy creído (fam)

II

adverb

1) (as intensifier)

full well — muy bien

you know full well that... — sabes perfectamente or muy bien que...

2) ( directly)

the sun shone full in my face — el sol me daba de lleno en la cara

I looked him full in the face — lo miré directamente a la cara

3) (in phrases)

full on: the car's headlights were full on el coche llevaba las luces largas; the heating is full on la calefacción está al máximo or (fam) a tope; full out a toda máquina; in full: write your name in full escriba su nombre completo; it will be paid in full será pagado en su totalidad; to the full — al máximo

[fʊl]
1. ADJ
(compar fuller) (superl fullest)
1) (=filled) [room, hall, theatre] lleno; [vehicle] completo; [hotel] lleno, completo

house full — (Theat) no hay localidades, completo

• full to the brim — hasta el tope

• full to bursting — lleno de bote en bote

• full to overflowing — lleno hasta los bordes

• we are full up for July — estamos completos para julio

his heart was full — liter tenía el corazón apenado

2)

to be full of... — estar lleno de...

the papers were full of the murders — los periódicos no traían más que noticias de los asesinatos

• full of cares — lleno de cuidados

• a look full of hate — una mirada cargada de odio

• full of hope — lleno de esperanza, ilusionado

• he's full of good ideas — tiene muchísimas ideas buenas

• to be full of o.s. or one's own importance — ser muy engreído or creído

• to be full of life — estar lleno de vida

- be full of it

- be full of shit

3) (=complete) completo, entero; [account] detallado, extenso; [meal] completo; [power] pleno; [price, pay] íntegro, sin descuento; [speed, strength] máximo; [text] íntegro; [uniform] de gala

a full three miles — tres millas largas

I waited a full hour — esperé una hora entera

• to take full advantage of the situation — aprovecharse al máximo de la situación

• to put one's headlights on full beam — poner las luces largas or de carretera

• in full bloom — en plena flor

• in full colour — a todo color

• in full daylight — en pleno día

• to pay full fare — pagar la tarifa íntegra

• to fall full length — caer cuán largo se es

he was lying full length — estaba tumbado todo lo largo que era

• he's had a full life — ha llevado una vida muy completa

• the full particulars — todos los detalles

• he was suspended on full pay — se le suspendió sin reducción de sueldo

• to pay full price for sth — (for goods, tickets) pagar el precio íntegro de algo

• in the fullest sense of the word — en el sentido más amplio de la palabra

• at full speed — a toda velocidad

full speed or steam ahead! — (Naut) ¡avance a toda marcha!

• at full strength — [team, battalion] completo

- in full cry

- go full steam ahead

- in full swing

4) (=ample) [face] redondo; [figure] llenito; [lips] grueso; [skirt, sleeves] amplio

• clothes for the fuller figure — tallas fpl grandes

5) (=busy) [day, timetable] muy ocupado

I've had a full day — he estado ocupado todo el día

6) (Pol etc) [session] pleno, plenario; [member] de pleno derecho

7) (after eating)

I'm full (up) * — no puedo más, estoy harto or ahíto

• you'll work better on a full stomach — trabajarás mejor con el estómago lleno or después de haber comido

8) (in titles)

• full colonel — coronel(a) m / f

• full general — general mf

• full professor — (US) profesor(a) m / f titular

2.

ADV

it hit him full in the face — le pegó en plena cara

to turn the sound/volume up full — subir el volumen a tope

• to go full out to do sth * — ir a por todas para hacer algo *

• full well — muy bien, perfectamente

to know full well that — saber perfectamente que

he understands full well that — se da cuenta cabal de que

3.

N

• in full, name in full — nombre m y apellidos

text in full — texto m íntegro

to pay in full — pagar la deuda entera

to write sth in full — escribir algo por extenso

• to the full — al máximo

4.

CPD

full board N — (esp Brit) pensión f completa

full brother N — hermano m carnal

full cost N — coste m total

full dress N — traje m de etiqueta or de gala

in full dress — vestido de etiqueta or de gala

full employment N — pleno empleo m

full English breakfast, full English N — desayuno m inglés completo, desayuno que consiste principalmente en huevos fritos con bacon, tostadas, salchicha, morcilla y champiñones

full fare N — tarifa f completa
full-fare
full house N — (Cards) full m ; (Bingo) cartón m ; (Theat) lleno m

full marks NPL — puntuación fsing máxima

full marks for persistence! — (fig) ¡te mereces un premio a la perseverancia!

full measure N — medida f or cantidad f completa

full moon N — luna f llena

full name N — nombre m y apellidos

full sister N — hermana f carnal

full stop N — (Brit) (Gram) punto m (y seguido)

I'm not going, full stop! — ¡no voy, y punto or y se acabó!

- come to a full stop

full time N — (Brit) (Sport) final m del partido
full-time
* * *

I [fʊl]
adjective -er, -est

1)

a) ( filled) lleno

don't speak with your mouth full — no hables con la boca llena

I'm full (up) — estoy lleno

full OF something — lleno de algo

she's full of fun — es muy divertida

they were full of praise for your work — elogiaron mucho tu trabajo

to be full of it — (AmE colloq & euph) decir* puras tonterías or sandeces

b) ( crowded) <room/train> lleno; < hotel> lleno, completo

you've got a very full day ahead of you — tienes un día muy ocupado por delante

2)

a) ( complete) <report/description> detallado; <name/answer> completo

to pay the full price — pagar* el precio íntegro

you have my full support — tienes todo mi apoyo

in full bloom — en plena floración

to lead a very full life — llevar una vida muy activa

a full week's holiday — una semana entera de vacaciones

b) ( maximum)

at full speed — a toda velocidad

full employment — ( Econ) pleno empleo m

3)

a) ( rounded) < figure> regordete, llenito (fam)

clothes for the fuller figure — (euph) tallas or (RPl) talles grandes

b) ( Clothing) <skirt/sleeve> amplio

4) ( absorbed)

full OF something: they were full of the latest scandal no hacían más que hablar del último escándalo; to be full of oneself o of one's own importance — ser* muy creído (fam), tenérselo muy creído (fam)

II

adverb

1) (as intensifier)

full well — muy bien

you know full well that... — sabes perfectamente or muy bien que...

2) ( directly)

the sun shone full in my face — el sol me daba de lleno en la cara

I looked him full in the face — lo miré directamente a la cara

3) (in phrases)

full on: the car's headlights were full on el coche llevaba las luces largas; the heating is full on la calefacción está al máximo or (fam) a tope; full out a toda máquina; in full: write your name in full escriba su nombre completo; it will be paid in full será pagado en su totalidad; to the full — al máximo

English-spanish dictionary > full
8 stocking

noun

Strumpf, der

in one's stocking[ed] feet — in Strümpfen

hang up one's stocking — den Strumpf für den Weihnachtsmann aufhängen

* * *
['stokiŋ]
noun

(one of a pair of close-fitting coverings for the legs and feet, reaching to or above the knee: Most women prefer tights to stockings nowadays.) der Strumpf

* * *

stock·ing

[ˈstɒkɪŋ, AM ˈstɑ:k-]

n

1. (leg garment)

▪ \stockings pl Strümpfe pl

nylon/silk \stockings Nylon-/Seidenstrümpfe pl

2. ( dated: sock) Strumpf m; (knee-length) Kniestrumpf m

Christmas \stocking Weihnachtsstrumpf m

3. (on horse) Färbung f am Fuß

a horse with a white \stocking ein Pferd nt mit einer weißen Fessel

* * *
['stɒkɪŋ]
n
Strumpf m; (knee-length) Kniestrumpf m; (of horse) Fessel f
in one's stocking( ed) feet — in Strümpfen

* * *

stocking [ˈstɒkıŋ; US ˈstɑkıŋ] s

1. Strumpf m:

in one’s stocking feet in Strümpfen;

she is under five feet in her stocking feet sie ist ohne Schuhe kleiner als fünf Fuß

2. auch elastic stocking MED Gummistrumpf m

3. ZOOL (Färbung am) Fuß m

* * *

noun

Strumpf, der

in one's stocking[ed] feet — in Strümpfen

hang up one's stocking — den Strumpf für den Weihnachtsmann aufhängen

* * *

n.

Strumpf -¨e m.

English-german dictionary > stocking
9 cassock

['kæsək]
1) Общая лексика: ряса, священник, сутана

2) Разговорное выражение: поп

3) Религия: подризник, подрясник, (A close-fitting ankle-length garment worn in Roman Catholic and Anglican churches by the clergy and by laymen assisting in services) ряса

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cassock
10 stocking

'stokiŋ
noun

(one of a pair of close-fitting coverings for the legs and feet, reaching to or above the knee: Most women prefer tights to stockings nowadays.) media

stocking n media

stocking

tr['stɒkɪŋ]

noun

1 media

■ a pair of stockings unas medias, un par de medias

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in one's stocking(ed) feet descalzo,-a

stocking stitch punto de media

stocking ['stɑkɪŋ] n

: media f

a pair of stockings: unas medias

stocking

n.

• calceta s.f.

• calza s.f.

• media (Textil) s.f.

'stɑːkɪŋ, 'stɒkɪŋ
noun media f

a pair of stockings — un par de medias, unas medias

['stɒkɪŋ]
1.

N media f ; (knee-length) calceta f

a pair of stockings — unas medias, un par de medias

2.

CPD

stocking(ed) feet NPL —

in one's stocking(ed) feet — sin zapatos

stocking filler N, stocking stuffer (US) N — pequeño regalo m de Navidad

* * *
['stɑːkɪŋ, 'stɒkɪŋ]
noun media f

a pair of stockings — un par de medias, unas medias

English-spanish dictionary > stocking
11 ancho

ancho 1

◊ - cha adjetivo
1
a) ‹camino/río/mueble› wide;

◊ a todo lo ancho de la carretera right across the road;
a lo ancho breadthways o (BrE) widthways
b) ‹manos/cara/espalda› broad;

◊ es ancho de espaldas he's broad-shouldered

c) ‹ ropa› loose-fitting, loose;

◊ me queda ancho de cintura it's too big around the waist for me
2 (cómodo, tranquilo):
◊ allí estaremos más anchos (Esp) we'll have more room there;
estar/sentirse/ponerse a sus anchas to be/feel/make oneself at home
ancho 2 sustantivo masculino width;
◊ ¿cuánto mide de ancho? how wide is it?;
tiene 6 metros de ancho it's 6 meters wide
ancho,-a
I adjetivo wide, broad
ese vestido te está muy ancho, that dress is too big for you
II sustantivo masculino
1 (anchura) width, breadth: ¿qué ancho tiene?, how wide is it?
la mesa tiene un metro de ancho, the table is a metre wide
2 Cost width Locuciones: familiar quedarse tan ancho (tranquilo): llega tarde y se queda tan ancha, she is always late but never shows any sign of remorse
a lo ancho: mide la cocina a lo ancho, measure the kitchen widthways familiar a mis/tus/sus anchas, at ease, comfortable Empleamos wide (ancho) para hablar de distancias físicas: Vivimos en una calle ancha. We live in a wide street. El coche no entra, es demasiado ancho. The car won't go in, it's too wide. Broad (amplio) es más abstracto y lo usamos en ciertas expresiones (plena luz de día, broad daylight; liberal, broad-minded) o en estilo literario para describir ríos, valles u otros elementos geográficos: Al otro lado del ancho valle se encuentra el castillo. On the other side of the broad valley stands the castle.
' ancho' also found in these entries: Spanish: amplia - amplio - ancha - interlineal - medir - sacar - tener - de - espalda - impresión - por English: across - breadth - broad - frame - gauge - in - wide - width - baggy - coast - depth - how - length

English-spanish dictionary > ancho
12 bar

1) стержень; штанга; планка; брусок

2) пруток ( заготовка)

3) балка

4) выдвижной шпиндель ( расточного станка)

5) линейка; измерительный наконечник

6) ползун ( пресса)

7) задвижка

8) лом

9) полупроводниковый слиток

10) кристалл; интегральная схема, ИС

•

- abutment bar
- actuating bar
- aligning bar
- angle bar
- backing bar
- bearer bar
- block-type bar
- boring bar with cutter fitting at 90°
- boring bar
- brake bar
- broach bar
- bus bar
- capstan drive bar
- carbon fiber bar
- cast bar
- channel bar
- chasing bar
- clamp bar
- clamping bar
- code bar
- console boring bar
- continuous draw bar
- control bar
- coupling bar
- cross bar
- curved bar
- cutter bar
- deflecting bar
- distance bar
- drag bar
- draw bar
- draw-in bar
- drilling bar
- drive bar
- equal-angle bar
- equalizer bar
- extension bar
- eye bar
- feed bar
- feeder bar
- finish boring bar
- fixed adjustment boring bar
- flat bar
- flat-iron bar
- flexible bar
- flux bar
- focus bar
- foot bar
- forked bar
- form bar
- former bar
- general-purpose bar
- guide bar
- H bar
- half-round bar
- handle bar
- helical-gullet broach bar
- hex bar
- hexagonal bar
- hinged bar
- hollow bar
- I bar
- indexable-insert drilling bar
- iron bar
- joint bar
- knockout bar
- L bar
- laminated bar
- laser ball bar
- lead bar
- length bar
- lift-and-carry transfer bar
- line bar
- line-boring bar
- loading bar
- locking bar
- long bar
- loop bar
- machinable bar
- master bar
- measuring bar
- microboring bar
- mounting bar
- multicutter bar
- multipoint boring bar
- multitool boring bar
- peripheral bar
- pilot boring bar
- piloted boring bar
- pinch bar
- pivot bar
- power draw bar
- pressure bar
- proof bar
- pry bar
- pull bar
- pull-type feeder bar
- push bar
- rack bar
- radial bar
- radius bar
- ratchet push bar
- reamer bar
- recessing bar
- reinforced bar
- reinforcing bar
- retaining bar
- retriever bar
- rivet bar
- rocker bar
- rotary bar
- rough boring bar
- round bar
- scale bar
- screwed retaining bar
- securing bar
- segmental bar
- sensor bar
- shaped bar
- sine bar
- single-point boring bar
- slide bar
- sliding bar
- slotting bar
- spacer bar
- spindle bar
- spray bar
- spring bar
- square bar
- standard test bar
- stiffening bar
- stop bar
- stub boring bar
- surface broach bar
- T bar
- tee bar
- test bar
- tie bar
- tommy bar
- tool bar
- tool support bar
- tooling bar
- toothed bar
- torsion bar
- traction drive bar
- transfer bar
- transverse cross bar
- trip bar
- turnaround guide bar
- wedge bar

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > bar
13 piece

1) заготовка; деталь, обрабатываемая деталь

2) часть; кусок

3) единица оборудования (напр. станок)

4) обломок

•

all to pieces — в разрозненном состоянии

to feed the piece abruptly — подавать заготовку толчками

to take to pieces — разбирать на части

- adapting piece
- angle piece
- attached piece
- band-machined piece
- built-on piece
- cap piece
- center piece
- check piece
- cold-sawed piece
- complex piece
- connecting piece
- contact piece
- coupling piece
- cross piece
- cutoff piece
- distance piece
- elbow piece
- engaging piece
- expansion piece
- extension piece
- fastening piece
- fellow piece
- few pieces
- fill piece
- filling piece
- finished piece
- fishing piece
- fitting piece
- flanged piece
- forged piece
- four-way piece
- friction piece
- ground piece
- inlet piece
- insertion piece
- interconnecting piece
- intermediate piece
- jaw piece
- joint piece
- junction piece
- knee piece
- length extension piece
- lengthening piece
- lifting piece
- location piece
- loose piece
- made-up piece
- make-up piece
- molded pieces
- mouth piece
- moving pole piece
- packing piece
- packing-up piece
- piece of equipment
- piece of mechanism
- piece of software
- pieces of dunnage
- pole piece
- positioning piece
- production piece
- reference piece
- removable gap piece
- repair piece
- reserve piece
- rest pieces
- rough piece
- sample piece
- scrap piece
- sets-of-parts operated piece
- setting piece
- setting-up piece
- sheared-to-size piece
- slender piece
- sliding piece
- spare piece
- special piece
- spring extremity piece
- stationary piece
- stop piece
- stub test piece
- support pieces
- T piece
- tail piece
- tee piece
- test piece
- threaded piece
- tie piece
- traverse piece
- uneven piece
- unmachined piece
- waste pieces
- wedge piece
- WIP pieces
- work piece
- worked piece
- working piece
- work-in-process pieces

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > piece
14 algorithm

алгоритм

- abridgement algorithm
- ad hoc algorithm
- adaptive algorithm
- aim algorithm
- algorithm for path connections
- automatic assessment algorithm
- back-propagation algorithm
- banker's algorithm
- best-route algorithm
- bicomponent algorithm
- bipartitioning algorithm
- bisection algorithm
- branch-bound algorithm
- branching algorithm
- cascading algorithm
- chain algorithm
- channel router algorithm
- coarse-to-fine algorithm
- column sweep algorithm
- combinatorial algorithm
- computational algorithm
- computing algorithm
- conservative algorithm
- control algorithm
- convergent algorithm
- curve-fitting algorithm
- cutting-plane algorithm
- D-algorithm
- decision algorithm
- decoding algorithm
- demand-paging algorithm
- deterministic algorithm
- digit-by-digit algorithm
- divide-and-conquer algorithm
- double-sweep algorithm
- draphics algorithm
- drawing algorithm
- DSP algorithm
- dual algorithm
- durable algorithm
- earliest-deadline-first algorithm
- edge-based algorithm
- event-scheduling algorithm
- exchange algorithm
- fault-handling algorithm
- fine-to-coarse algorithm
- fixed-stealing algorithm
- fixed-step-size algorithm
- flow-synthesis algorithm
- forward-looking algorithm
- generalized algorithm
- genetic algorithm
- Goto algorithm
- graph algorithm
- graph traversal algorithm
- greedy algorithm
- grid expansion algorithm
- hardware algorithm
- heuristic algorithm
- Hightower algorithm
- incorrect algorithm
- inference-based algorithm
- inferencing algorithm
- instruction issue algorithm
- integer algorithm
- integrated query optimization algorithm
- iteration algorithm
- iterative algorithm
- layout algorithm
- layout copmaction algorithm
- leaky bucket algorithm
- learning algorithm
- least frequently used algorithm
- least recently used algorithm
- Lee-expansion algorithm
- Lee-type algorithm
- levelization algorithm
- linear expansion algorithm
- line-placing algorithm
- line-probe algorithm
- logical algorithm
- mathematically based algorithm
- mathematically intensive algorithm
- maximum matching algorithm
- mesh algorithm
- mesh algorithm

- min-cut placement algorithm
- minimum path-length algorithm
- modeling algorithm
- multikey algorithm
- multipass algorithm
- nested algorithm
- network algorithm
- normal algorithm
- no-wait algorithm
- operative algorithm
- optimal assignment algorithm
- optimal cutting algorithm
- ordering algorithm
- page-replacement algorithm
- paging algorithm
- parallel algorithm
- partitioning algorithm
- path-tracing algorithm
- pipeline algorithm
- pitch algorithm
- placement algorithm
- prediction algorithm
- primal-dual algorithm
- primary algorithm
- problem algorithm
- procrastination algorithm
- public-key algorithm
- quorum-based algorithm
- random search algorithm
- recognition algorithm
- recursive algorithm
- relaxation algorithm
- replicate algorithm
- robust algorithm
- round-robin algorithm
- routing algorithm
- scanline algorithm
- scheduling algorithm
- sequential algorithm
- shortest path algorithm
- shrinking algorithm
- simplex algorithm
- simulated annealing algorithm
- software algorithm
- spanning tree algorithm
- speech generation algorithm
- speed-enhancing algorithm
- square rooting algorithm
- steepest ascent algorithm
- systolic algorithm
- testing algorithm
- text-to-speech algorithm
- threshold decoding algorithm
- timetable scheduling algorithm
- trace back algorithm
- translation algorithm
- transportation algorithm
- tree-search algorithm
- two-dimensional placement algorithm
- two-list algorithm
- type-inferencing algorithm
- unconstrained minimization algorithm
- universal algorithm
- variable-stealing algorithm
- Vintr algorithm
- VLSI algorithm
- write-back algorithm

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > algorithm
15 plain

1 adj

C&G undecorated glass simple

TEXTIL liso

2
plain bearing
plain-bed lathe
plain bit
plain color
plain colour
plain column
plain conductor
plain cylindrical boiler
plain dyeing
plain fabric
plain fitting
plain gage
plain gage for pipe threads
plain gauge
plain gauge for pipe threads
plain-grinder
plain hub-flange
plain lathe
plain length
plain milling cutter
plain-press roll
plain-rib interlock
plain roll
plain-rolled glass
plain sandblast
plain slide valve
plain socket
plain surface
plain-thrust bearing
plain tile
plain traveling wheel
plain travelling wheel
plain-tread tire
plain-tread tyre
plain tube
plain turning-lathe
plain ungeared lathe
plain washer
plain washer for metric bolts, screws and nuts
plain weave

English-Spanish technical dictionary > plain
16 plug

пробка; калибр-пробка; калиберная пробка; кран; пожарный кран; заглушка; затычка; закупорка; тампон; втулка; тампон; набивка (напр. насоса); штепсель; штепсельная вилка; штыковой контакт; проф. "папа"; вилочный контакт; штепсельная колодка; фишка; свеча зажигания; (запальная) свеча (двигателя); воен. затвор; II затыкать пробкой; забивать дюбель; ставить заглушку

- plug a leak

- plug adapter

- plug-and-jack
- plug-and-jack connection - plug-and-socket - plug and socket connection - plug and socket joint - plug bearing - plug board - plug box - plug braking - plug-center bit - plug choke - plug cluster
- plug cock

- plug commutator
- plug connection - plug connector - plug contact - plug containing neutral - plug coupler - plug cutout - plug drain - plug fits into a socket - plug fitting - plug flow - plug fuse - plug gage
- plug gauge

- plug hole

- plug-hole
- plug in - plug-in - plug-in battery - plug-in block - plug-in board
- plug-in coil

- plug-in component
- plug-in connection
- plug-in device

- plug-in double male connector
- plug-in double Y piece connector - plug-in element - plug-in inductor - plug-in lampholder - plug-in lid - plug-in maintenance - plug-in manipulator - plug-in module - plug-in mounting
- plug-in package

- plug-in peripherals
- plug-in reducer connector - plug-in switch - plug-in TR tube - plug-in type bearing - plug-in unit - plug-in Y piece connector - plug installer - plug jet nozzle - plug junction - plug key
- plug lap joint

- plug lap weld
- plug lid - plug nozzle - plug of cock - plug pin - plug-ramming machine - plug recess - plug resistance - plug reversal - plug rheostat - plug rod - plug screw - plug seat - plug seating action valve - plug shear action valve - plug sleeve - plug socket - plug spanner - plug stopper - plug switch - plug switchboard - plug tap - plug tap with full size thread - plug tap with intermediate chamfer length - plug tenon - plug terminal - plug thrust force - plug-type connection - plug-type spoiler - plug up - plug valve - plug wedge - plug weld - plug welding - plug wire - air plug - air-flow plug - air gage plug
- aligning plug

- angle plug

- attachment plug

- bag plug

- balanced valve retrievable bridge plug

- ball plug

- banana plug
- bleeder-style plug
- blank plug

- blind plug
- bottom cementing plug - bore plug
- branch plug

- bull plug
- button plug - bypass plug - cable plug - cannon plug - catalyst plug - cementing plug - centering plug - character width plug - check plug - choke plug - cleanout plug
- clearing plug

- closing cementing plug
- cock plug - cold plug
- cold spark plug

- conical plug

- connecting plug

- contact plug
- control valve plug - core plug
- corrugated wood plug

- countersunk plug
- crosshead oil plug - cylinder plug
- cylinder head plug

- dielectric plug
- direction-connection plug - double-pin plug
- drain plug

- dummy plug

- dummy heater plug

- Edison screw plug
- ejecting plug - end plug - expanding plug - female plug
- filler plug

- fire plug
- fixed plug - flat pin plug
- float plug

- floating plug
- flow plug - flush plug - fuel plug - fuse plug
- fusible plug

- gage plug
- gaging plug
- glow plug

- ground plug
- hatch plug
- heating plug

- heaving plug
- high-pressure test plug - hinged vent plug - hollow axle plug
- hot plug

- hot spark plug

- ignition plug

- ignition spark plug
- insert a plug into a socket - installation plug - internal hex plug - jacket plug - jumper plug - junction cord plug - lamp holder plug - lead plug - lifting plug - limit plug - locating plug
- lubricating plug

- magnetic plug
- male plug - melting plug
- multiple plug

- nailing plug

- oil drain plug

- oil-level plug
- orifice plug - parallel plug - pin plug
- pipe plug

- pneumatic plug-in port plug
- polarity plug - polarized plug - priming plug - put a plug into a socket - retrievable bridge plug - rod plug - rotating plug - safety plug - screw plug - screwed plug - self-aligned plug - setting plug - sheathed-element glow plug - shield plug - shielding plug - short-circuiting plug - shorting plug - shrank plug - snatch plug
- spark plug

- sparking plug
- socket plug - square head plug - static vent plug - stationary plug - stopper plug - straight plug - switch plug - swivel plug - swivel hoisting plug - taper plug - tapered plug - terminal plug - thread gage plug - three-pin plug - tube plug - tuning plug - two-pin plug - two-sectional bridge plug - valve plug - vent plug - wall plug - wash plug - water-jacket plug - wedge plug - welch plug - wiper plug - wireline plug - wooden plug - wooden peg-sleeper plug

Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению > plug
17 available

1. a годный, полезный

available capacity — полезная мощность

available hydrogen — активный водород

gross space available for storage — полезная площадь склада

average payload available — располагаемый полезный груз

available payload — располагаемый полезный груз

available pressure head — полезный напор

available time — полезное время

2. a наличный, имеющийся в распоряжении, доступный

available supplies — наличные запасы

available assets — легко реализуемые активы

available supply — наличный запасы

become available — стать доступным

available energy — доступная энергия

available only to — доступный только

available personnel — наличный состав

3. a имеющийся в продаже

these shoes are not available in your size — такой обуви вашего размера в продаже нет

available technology — имеющаяся технология

available evidence — имеющееся доказательство

available memory — имеющаяся свободная память

available runway length — располагаемая длина ВПП

available quantity — количество; имеющееся в наличии

4. a свободный; имеющий время

the doctor is not available now — доктор сейчас занят

available machining time — время готовности станка к работе

commercially available robot — робот, имеющийся в продаже

machine available time — доступное машинное время

Best Time Available — в наиболее подходящее время

available surface — свободное пространство

5. a действительный, имеющий силу, годный

tickets available for three days only — билеты действительны только на трое суток

available lift — располагаемая подъемная сила

6. a амер. полит. перспективный, популярный

7. a амер. полит. согласившийся баллотироваться

Синонимический ряд:

1. accessible (adj.) accessible; at hand; befitting; convenient; fitting; handy; serviceable; usable

2. attainable (adj.) attainable; disponible; gettable; procurable; securable

3. free (adj.) free; open; ready

4. purchasable (adj.) obtainable; on offer; purchasable

5. valid (adj.) advantageous; efficacious; profitable; valid

Антонимический ряд:

inaccessible; inapplicable; inappropriate; inconvenient; inoperative; invalid; irrelevant; unavailable; unbecoming; unprofitable; useless

English-Russian base dictionary > available
18 Breeches

BREECHES (Braccas, Latin)
This term described a portion of male attire, to which it was first applied in the 16th century. The Gaulish Britons and other Celtic nations used the word " trousers," full and gathered at the ankles (see Trowsers). In an inventory of 1581 there is mentioned " six pare of velvet brytches with three pare of lether brytches." King James had his breeches in great plaits and full stuffed. In 1614 an engraving of James I, the king is represented in stuffed breeches tapering to the knees; profusely slashed and striped with lace. In shape, style, length and fitting varied considerably during later times (see Bracca:, Bombards)

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Breeches
19 Coat-Hardy

COAT-HARDY (Cote-Hardie, French)
Presumed to be a close-fitting garment, buttoned all down the front, worn by both sexes in the 14th and 15th centuries in France, England and generally on the Continent. It has never been properly identified. That for the men just covered the hips, round which was buckled by all persons of knightly rank, the military belt. That of the ladies varied in length from mid-leg down to the ground. But in all cases it fitted the body as tightly as possible.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Coat-Hardy
20 Huygens, Christiaan

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlands

d. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands

[br]

Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.

[br]

Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.

Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.

Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.

Bibliography

For his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.

1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, Antiquarian

Horology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).

1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.

R.J.Blackwell, Ames.

The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.

Further Reading

H.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).

R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).

S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).

J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).

A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).

DV

Biographical history of technology > Huygens, Christiaan

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